JKQ: Postposition_quotative (인용격 조사)

Definition

JKQ refers to a postposition that indicates quoted speech, thoughts, or references in a sentence.

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Characteristics

• Quotations are classified into two types: direct and indirect.
• The main JKQ for direct quotations is ‘(이)라고’, where ‘이라고’ follows a final consonant, and ‘라고’ follows a vowel.
• Indirect quotations use ‘고’, but JKQ is not separated during parsing. For example, ‘다고’ is a fixed form that combines ‘-다’ (an ending marker, EC) with ‘고’. In expressions like ‘-다고’ or ‘-냐고’, the function as an ending is stronger than JKQ, so they are generally tagged as EC.
• Examples:
  • “괜찮아”라고(JKQ) 말했습니다. (Direct quotation)
  • 괜찮다고(EC) 말했습니다. (Indirect quotation)

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Boundary cases and clarifications

Special cases

1. Use of ‘하고’ as a quotative postposition
   • Although ‘하고’ originates from the verb ‘하다’, it has been lexicalized as a quotative expression similar to ‘라고’ and is therefore tagged as an JKQ.
     • “사진기를 빌려 주세요” 하고/라고(JKQ) 부탁했습니다.
2. Contracttion of quotative expressions
   • Certain expressions, such as ‘-(이)라는,’ are contracted forms of longer quotative constructions. ‘(이)라는’ originates from ‘(이)라고 하는,’ where ‘-는’ serves as ETM (Ending_determinitive, 관형사형 전성 어미). Since these contracted forms are not typically separated into their original components during parsing, distinguishing between ETM and JKQ can sometimes be unclear.
     • 내 좋아하는 사람은 철수라는(JKQ/ETM) 친구입니다.
     • 친구는 나에게 “수박”이라는(JKQ/ETM) 별명을 붙여주었다.

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Examples

• “사진기를 빌려 주세요” 하고 부탁했습니다.
• 한국에서 온 철수라고 합니다.
• 이번이 벌써 5번째 여행이라고 한다.
• “그냥 도움을 주고 싶었다”라는 대사가 기억에 남는다.
• 친구는 나에게 “수박”이라는 별명을 붙여주었다.