EF: Ending_closing (종결 어미)
Definition
EF refers to an ending of a predicate that indicates the completion of a sentence and conveys the sentence mood at the end of a verbal stem.
Characteristics
- EF attaches to a verbal stem and determines the sentence type (e.g., declarative, interrogative, imperative, or suggestive) as well as different speech levels and politeness forms in Korean.
- Punctuation marks such as periods, question marks, and exclamation marks can enhance the function and nuance of EF.
- Examples:
- 잘 지낸다 (Declarative)
- 잘 지내니? (Interrogative)
- 잘 지내라! (Imperative)
- 잘 지내자. (Suggestive)
- Examples:
Boundary cases and clarifications
Differences with related tags
- EF vs. EP (Ending_prefinal, 선어말 어미):
- While EF finalizes the sentence, EP appears before EF to indicate tense or honorific meaning. Generally, Korean verb endings follow the order: verbal stem + EP + EF.
- 학교에 가다: 가(VV) + 다(EF)
- 학교에 갔다: 가(VV) + 았(EP) + 다(EF)
- While EF finalizes the sentence, EP appears before EF to indicate tense or honorific meaning. Generally, Korean verb endings follow the order: verbal stem + EP + EF.
Special cases
- Morphological variations:
- In Korean, the form of an EF can change depending on the final syllable of the verb stem. This must be considered during parsing.
- For example, the ‘-습니다’ takes the form ‘-ㅂ니다’ when the verb stem ends in a vowel or the final consonant ‘ㄹ’.
- 음식을 먹습니다: 먹(VV) + -습니다(EF)
- 달리기를 합니다: 하(VV) + -ㅂ니다(EF)
Examples
- 삼계탕을 먹는다.
- 네 계절이 있습니다.
- 잘 지내셨습니까?
- 문을 열어라!
- 항상 스트레칭을 하십시오.
- 음식을 남기지 않도록 다 먹자.
- 친구하고 같이 갑시다.