JX: Postposition_auxiliary (보조사)
Definition
JX refers to a postposition that modifies the meaning of a phrase by adding contrast, topic marking, or other discourse-related functions, rather than assigning a specific grammatical case.
Characteristics
- JX can attach not only to nouns but also to verb endings, providing additional nuance to a sentence without changing its grammatical role.
- JX postpositions can follow case markers, or they can appear consecutively in a sequence of JX postpositions.
- Examples:
- 한국에서만
- 8월까지는(‘까지’ + ‘는’)
- 그가 바빴다손 치더라도
Boundary cases and clarifications
Differences with related tags
- JX vs. JKS (Postposition, nominative, 주격 조사):
- JX does not determine a grammatical relation but adds emphasis or contrast, whereas JKS marks the grammatical subject of a clause.
- JX: 나도 책을 읽는다. (I also read books.)
- JKS: 내가 책을 읽는다.
- JX does not determine a grammatical relation but adds emphasis or contrast, whereas JKS marks the grammatical subject of a clause.
Special cases
- JX without a preceding word:
- ‘뿐만 아니라’ can be used at the beginning of a sentence, functioning as a connective expression that extends the previous sentence’s meaning.
- While JX typically appears alongside a preceding word, this phrase has become conventionalized as an exception. In this case, ‘뿐’ and ‘만’ are both tagged as JX.
- 운동은 신체 건강에 도움이 된다. 뿐만(JX+JX)아니라 정신 건강에도(JX) 좋다.
Examples
- 가을에는 바람이 불고, 겨울에만 눈이 온다.
- 제 취미가 여행뿐입니다.
- 서울에서 부산까지 기차로 갈 겁니다.
- 그의 나이조차도 기억하지 못한다.